Around 420 million years ago Australia was part of the Gondwana supercontinent which was then drifting southwards. Tasmania was located along the 30˚S latitude which puts it around about where Coffs Harbour is today.

At this time sediment from eroding mountains was carried out to sea to the edge of the continental shelf. Here the sands and silts slid down off the shelf to build up on the deep ocean floor at depths exceeding 1000m. This was the origin of the island's present-day Mathinna Beds.

The build up of sediments in the Mathinna Beds ended in the Devonian period around 400mya. Deformation along the trailing north eastern continental edge of Gondwana resulted in widespread folding and uplift of rocks. This mountain building event is called the Tabberabberan Orogeny. It lasted for tens of millions of years and affected much of the Australian east coast.

Having been uplifted and folded, the Mathinna Beds were then locally baked into hard metamorphic rocks as a series of granite magmas intruded in and around them between 400 and 380 mya.

These gave birth to the Furneaux Group's most distinctive rocks. Granite outcrops occur extensively across the islands today and were noted in Bass and Flinders 1798 voyage of discovery.

Then followed a long period of uplift and erosion on FLinders Island while glaciomarine and nonmarine sequences were deposited over much of the Tasmanian landmass.

The breakup of Gondwana started around 180mya when Africa and South America broke off the supercontinent. This event coincided with a new array of volcanic activity across Tasmania which saw huge dolerite dykes intrude into existing ancient rock layers. These are mostly seen in the Furneaux Group today in the precinct around Cape Barren and southern Flinders Island.

In the leadup to the final breakup of Gondwana when Australia and Antarctica separated over the period 80-45mya, the Flinders Island block was uplifted by vertical faulting. Widespread erosion followed.

At some point between 40–20mya while Australia tracked northwards away from Antarctica, volcanoes erupted around the Furneaux Group. These sent lava flows tracking across the landscape to fill in the eroded valleys that had formed in the time since the Flinders Island block was raised up clear of the surrounding ocean waters.

The most significant event for Furneaux Group geology in the last 10mya was the start of the last ice age around 2.5mya.

While ice formed up in glaciers and sea ice across the world, sea levels fluctuated wildly from between 20m-130m below current levels. This had the effect of not only opening and closing a land bridge between Tasmania and the mainland but also of creating a shallow embayment to the east of Flinders Island.

As sea levels rose and fell, sands from the newly exposed marine areas blew up over the island covering up the basalt. Sands from the bay to the west were rich in marine shelled animals called forams. The 'Roaring 40s' winds piled these shells up to create a type of limestone / calcareous sand. To the east the ocean sands tended to accumulate more gently into compacted beds of quartz grains and marine fossils.